During the last ten years, different synthetic cathinone derivatives have been detected on the market, which can be bought through the het net or in retail outlets. Synthetic cathinones are chemical derivatives ofwel cathinones, natural monoamines, and they have been exploited for ages by the native inhabitants ofwel the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for their psychostimulatory features [27]. Most synthetic cathinones originate from China or India and are rapidly spreading around the world [28,29]. The chemical structures of important synthetic cathinones are summarized in Figure 3.
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α-PVP was patented in the 1960s by Boehringer Ingelheim,[2] although it was never marketed. Reports of its use began to appear in the early 2010s. α-PVP has been subject to much scrutiny by the media as one of the ingredients found in "bath salts" or "legal highs" products.
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α-PVP produces a variety ofwel symptoms when consumed. The drug has been reported to cause depression, panic attacks, chest pains, paranoia, hallucinations, aggressive behavior, self-injury behaviors (including suicide), and prolonged psychosis [31]. The speed at which new psychoactive drugs appear is alarming. New structures have new properties and thus create unique behavioral characteristics during intoxication. It can be assumed that the tendency towards the use ofwel new drugs will grow and that there will be an increasing number of cases in clinical practice. Doctors have to take this into consideration in order to provide appropriate treatments and minimize undesirable damage.
Thus, it is still necessary to further integrate human and animal models (including humans, rodents, and aquatic organisms) to understand the biological life span ofwel α-PVP metabolites and whether there is any biological activity in major species.
Ingeval onderzoeksstof is α-PiHP vooral gebruikt om een effecten over synthetische cathinonen op de hersenen te bestuderen en teneinde potentiële heilzame toepassingen te herkennen.
Increased blood pressure - α-PVP, especially when it is vaporized or injected, can lead to sudden spikes ofwel blood pressure that may manifest in an extremely uncomfortable "exploding heart" sensation.
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Analysis enhancement - Users report that this effect typically only occurs at low doses, and becomes increasingly more impairing as one increases their A-PVP-Kristall online kaufen intake.
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De effecten over Flakka zijn in het bijzonder stimulerend en geestverruimend. Gebruikers voelen zichzelf euforisch, krijgen meer vitaliteit en nemen de aarde anders waar. De dosis aangaande een drug speelt een omvangrijke rol in de precieze effecten welke gebruikers ervaren.
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The effects which occur during the offset ofwel a stimulant experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This kan zijn often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of neurotransmitter depletion. Its effects commonly include: